FM 1-30 Air Navigation

This manual is a general treatise on all methods and technique of air navigation and a brief summary of instruments and equipment used.

Air navigation is the art of determining geographical position and maintaining desired direction of aircraft relative to the earth's surface by means of pilotage, dead reckoning, celestial observations, or radio aids.

The four means of air navigation are complementary and are used separately or in conjunction with each other in military operations. Radio silence, extremely low ceilings, strange or mountainous terrain, complete overcast, darkness, or necessity for overwater flying are conditions that necessitate use of one or more of the four types of navigation.

Contents

• General
• Pilotage and dead reckoning
• Radio Navigation
• Celestial Navigation

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